I am not an electronics person. My knowledge of the topic is very limited. I am more of a mechanical engineering person, so please excuse if I say something silly.
I am currently developing a projectile impact test. The speed of the projectile is as high as 150 m/s and the projectile decelerates to 0 m/s in a distance of <2 mm i.e. it takes 0.013 ms to stop. I need the load history of the 0.013 ms event. The best load cell I can find has a sampling rate of 80 Hz. Any leads on what I can use or what I can do to increase the sampling rate?
You will need specialized equipment (read expensive) to even come close to accurately measuring that force. That means piezoelectric load cell and charge amplifier. 80Hz is orders of magnitude too slow. NO strain gage cell is going to be fast enough.
Check out the equipment offered by PCB and Kistler for high frequency response force measuring.
To get a decent picture of the force (or acceleration) during that interval, most people would want to collect 10 to 100 samples over the interval, which means using a sample rate of 770 kHz to 7.7 MHz.
I don't think any Arduino can do that, so you will be looking at professional research equipment.
This was well before transducers. I saw mention of PCB and I did quite a bit with them. I suggest you get in touch with PCB Piezotronics and talk with one of their shock and vibration application engineers. While I also, as others, doubt you will find an Arduino solution I am pretty confident that a PCB application engineer will have a solution. I did quite a bit of ballistic work with their sensors.