Anything that's "seriously loud" (like for a car alarm or home alarm) can't be driven directly from an Arduino. These things need more voltage & current, so they need a power supply (typically 12V) and a relay, transistor, or MOSFET to switch the power.
A buzzer or siren has the sound-generator and amplifier circuitry built-in. You just apply power and it makes noise. Those are the easiest to use.
A speaker/transducer needs an audio signal, and anything other than a small piezo transducer will require a power amplifier to drive it. (The Arduino can generate "tones" if you want to go that way.)