If you are very good and did all the work you could but
it would not be worth it.
If you can get a DOS like DRDOS running, that would be a big start since DRDOS/MSDOS/PCDOS let your code Own The Machine including parallel port (the pre-Winblows Robot Port) and Serial + Midi/Game port that does cheap 8-bit ADC. DOD gives you disk io and little else, perfect for many jobs.
While it can be Arduino-like, you would need to write an emulator to run Arduino code, which won't be worth it.
Connect an SD to Arduino and get huge storage.