That can always be an issue. WS2812b require 5v logic level, easiest way to achieve that is by using a 7400 ttl chip. I tend to use a 74HCT04 and run the signal through 2 gates.
I am running the Adafruit example sketch and the pin 9 is connected all the way through to the green wire.
There is a tiny 10K resistor on the matrix and the circular solder pad data and green wire in go through that 10k resistor to the first WS2812 data in pin.
Level shifters may not be the best solution, but yes they can be. The thing is they are edge triggered and the timing, although at 800KHz , is a form of self clocking SPI. The timing is fairly relaxed, but the 3.3v logic tends to cause issues.
That may be true as well. Solving an issue like this is done best by matter of exclusion. You didn't provide any code, but i would recommend an example from the neopixel library, or from my personal favorite Neopixelbus and show us a schematic of what and how you have connected stuff. Hand drawn is fine, fritzing is problematic, listing connections is insufficient. And a picture of it may give us another clue.
It turned out my incorrect reading of the datasheet was the issue.
WS2812 requires 3.5V to register HIGH, compared to Due's 3.3V.
A level shifter between the Due and the WS2812 matrix worked with the Adafruit library.
Then it was just trial and error to figure out the correct color configuration (RGB) and the correct speed (800kHz)
So all good now.