I am not aware that I have changed anything in the sketch (I have tested different ones) or in the hardware. Have I destroyed this display? Could this be solved by doing some kind of reset? Any ideas? Thanks in advance.
Are you sure you didn't replaced the screen or picked different display type in library?
Not all 0.96" displays uses SSD1306 chip to drive them, try different options in the library, for example I have few that has SH1106 driver tho they claim to be SSD1306, I have few others as well. You just have to test all drivers with 128X64 resolutios, yes, your OLED is 128X64.
I had same artifacts when using wrong library settings, your OLED probably fine.
P.S. You do know that SPI and I2C are not the same thing? Cos in your title it says SPI and in pics its obviously I2C....