All sensors that are worth having are adjustable by the end user. There is usually a potentiometer that can be used to adjust the sensitivity from low to high. As for the precision that you are wanting, you would probably need something using a laser and receiver, but, I doubt you will find a device that can reliably read the levels you want without physical contact with the surface without spending thousands of dollars. The typical over the counter sensors are not even close to those scales. The most common cheap laser range device runs about $100 to $150 and the reported range is :: 0.5 ... 9 m
•Resolution :: Adjustable
•Update rate :: Adjustable: 3 ... 50 readings per second
•Accuracy :: Adjustable
•Power supply voltage :: 12 V (10 … 16 V)
•Power supply current :: 50 mA
•Outputs & interfaces :: Timing & laser signal outputs
•Dimensions :: 27 x 56 x 65 mm
•Weight :: 57 g
•Mounting :: 4 x M3 (3.2 mm diameter)
•Connections :: 0.1 in. pitch header
•Optical aperture :: 53 mm
•Laser power :: 14 W (peak), 6 mW (average), Class 1M
•Operating temperature :: - 20°C ... + 60°C
So, that is where you might start, but it is all up to the end user to fine tune the device, and the code to produce acurate information. As you can see the read rate is only 3 to 50 time per second, no where near the one thousand times a second you are seeking. Also, the mounting will have a lot to do with the degree of acuracy you are going to expect. If the laser is on a swivel, as most I have seen are, the readings you take will be variable based on the tolerances of your swivel mount. Again, standard servos are certainly not going to get you the type of control and precision you are seeking. You will likely need to use highend Stepper motors that are further refined through either the use of gearing or threading to convert the 1.8 degree control of a stepper to something more like .0001 degree of rotation.
For your concerns, you may want to seek out an electronics engineer and find out about custom hardware providers that can produce what you are after.