is there an arduino project or sensors that detects the type of material such as reflective, transparent, and translucent, opaque
Have one light source and a sensor on top and on bottom (reflex/through).
For opaque vs transparent detection, a common and cheap sensor is the "photointerrupter".
You can see an example of such a sensor here:
Note there are many different models available. I just picked an arbitrary one so you can see the form.
There is an LED on one side of the "fork" and a phototransistor on the other side. The state of the transistor will tell you whether a material placed into the slot is opaque or transparent.
For a simple common reflectivity sensor, you could use an infrared reflective sensor like the TCRT5000:
These are available with the support circuitry on the common modules that are sold for use on a "line follower" robots.
Material can have very different IR, UV and visible light attributes. The desired frequency/wavelength range must be specified.
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