I am not very familiar with the subject and did not know how else to show it. I have a question about whether I need to add any protections to this diagram and whether everything will work. I will make the code so that the potentiometer changes the fan speed via PWM, I added Lm2596s so as not to burn adruino due to possible fluctuations of the power supply.
Without seeing the internal schematic of the fan, we cannot know. So just to be safe, I would add a flyback diode (eg. 1N400x, anode to ground) and maybe also a suppression capacitor (0.1uF ceramic) across the + & ground wires of the fan.
It looks like you are putting 12V on an Arduino pin (raw). That will fry it. Also it's illogical, you have 12V into an LM2596 Buck and 12V out. You could remove the Buck but still need to disconnect the raw pin. What is a raw pin anyway?
It should be ok, assuming @oreo1 is not hiding anything from us. The Pro Micro's regulator has only to supply it's own needs. The fan control line should require very little current.
It's the equivalent of Vin on Uno.
@oreo1 is your Pro Micro a 5V or 3.3V model? They do not usually have a pin marked "5V" but do have a pin marked "Vcc" which may output 5V or 3.3V depending on the model.
I am currently at the stage of planning purchases, I was planning to buy the 5v version
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