how to find distance between ir transmitter and receiver using Arduino
Most IR receivers have "automatic gain control" and will not give you an analog measure of the intensity which you could use to estimate the distance.
IR signals are normally modulated at a frequency such as 38KHz so that they can be distinguished from other natural sources of IR light. Almost all warm objects give off some IR light. Sunlight contains very strong IR light.
So your circuit would need to be sensitive only to the modulation frequency and allow the Arduino to measure the intensity of that modulated light. I would not know how to design such a circuit, perhaps others here do.
Another problem you may have is that IR emitters emit a beam of light, strongest in the forward direction and falling away at other angles. So the intensity you measure would also depends on the angle between the IR emitter and receiver, as well as the distance between them.
What sort of distances are we talking about ?
I assume that you know that light travels very fast
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